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Temperature, as a primary and critical environmental parameter, is the temperature vary within which many chemical reactions and biological processes are optimized, and even the performance of some electronic circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature performs a pivotal position in experimentation and engineering, and a big selection of methods have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to decide on a temperature sensor?
How to keep up the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts heat (temperature) right into a readable type corresponding to an electrical sign such as current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument shut up in trade zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical field
Environmental monitoring
Electronic gear
Food and beverage business
Pharmaceutical business
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by means of an electrical signal. They contain two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature adjustments. Temperature sensor work is based on measuring the voltage across the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which level there’s a decrease in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that should be in direct contact with the item to be measured so as to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize completely different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, present, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their modifications can reflect the temperature of the thing to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly used in industrial, automotive, and everyday family applications. Because they are self-powered, they do not require excitation, have quick response times, and can function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two completely different metallic wires wound together to produce a voltage change between the 2 metals that’s proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are created from a quantity of totally different materials, permitting temperature sensors to measure different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The most commonly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are additionally designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, much like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are usually made from a polymer or ceramic covered with a glass surface, which is why they are cheaper and fewer accurate than RTDs. There are two primary forms of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and adverse temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most common kind and are characterized by a lower in resistance as the temperature will increase. This is as a outcome of at higher temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) in the semiconductor materials will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an operating range of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and standard thermistors have an working range as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire method with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the principle of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to change with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature could be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are usually manufactured from pure metals, particularly platinum, which has excellent stability and linearity over a big temperature vary.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are short sufficient that resistance does not have an result on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to carry the excitation present, thus offering a approach to remove line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher worth
Long-term stabilityHigher requirements for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are normally built-in into built-in circuits (ICs). Two similar diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature adjustments. IC sensors have a linear response, but they have the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is because ICs have the slowest response over a slim temperature range (- -70 °C to 150 °C).
There are two types of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature using the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an external transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a tool that routinely adjusts the temperature, normally primarily based on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the setting. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls beneath a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling gear to hold up the desired temperature.
There are many kinds of thermostats obtainable, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and smart thermostats to satisfy the wants of various customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical device for measuring temperature that takes benefit of the fact that two different metals have different coefficients of thermal expansion. When the temperature modifications, the 2 metals within the bimetal expand or contract at completely different charges. Since the 2 metals are tightly certain collectively, this difference causes the entire bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is usually made into a spiral or curved form. As the temperature modifications, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this change can be read instantly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the goal surface. They depend on the thermal power radiated by the item to measure temperature, the commonest sort being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to discover out its temperature. They are good for use when an object is moving or the temperature is just too high or too low, as they don’t want to come back into contact with the object itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the surface of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are utilized in a broad variety of business and scientific functions, together with temperature management of electronic units, monitoring of chemical reactions, food high quality management, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of industrial devices
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have completely different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature vary that must be measured, and select a sensor that can meet this range.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other essential selection factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor sorts have completely different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have greater accuracies, whereas thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working setting, corresponding to humidity, corrosive substances, high stress and different environmental conditions.
Application: Application scenarios require a fast response to temperature modifications, so it could be very important select a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are supplied with 316 stainless-steel rods and inside wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem varieties: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for max thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are ideal for liquid purposes.
How to hold up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze knowledge
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of is dependent upon your utility and industry, when you have any questions about temperature sensors or want temperature transmitter, feel free to contact Apure professional and technical team to offer a solution. We additionally supply instruments for water quality analysis, flow meters, stage measurement, pressure measurement, ozone mills and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters
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Temperature, as a basic and important environmental parameter, is the temperature range inside which many chemical reactions and biological processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some digital circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature performs a pivotal position in experimentation and engineering, and a variety of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to determine on a temperature sensor?
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts warmth (temperature) into a readable form similar to an electrical signal similar to current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in business zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical field
Environmental monitoring
Electronic equipment
Food and beverage business
Pharmaceutical trade
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings via an electrical sign. They comprise two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature adjustments. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage will increase, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which point there is a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that have to be in direct contact with the item to be measured in order to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of completely different bodily properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, present, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their adjustments can reflect the temperature of the thing to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly used in industrial, automotive, and on a daily basis household functions. Because they are self-powered, they do not require excitation, have quick response occasions, and may function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a hoop of two different metallic wires wound together to provide a voltage change between the two metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are created from numerous totally different materials, permitting temperature sensors to measure totally different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are also designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, just like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are usually made from a polymer or ceramic lined with a glass surface, which is why they’re cheaper and fewer accurate than RTDs. There are two main types of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most typical sort and are characterised by a lower in resistance because the temperature increases. This is as a outcome of at greater temperatures, the variety of carriers (electrons and holes) in the semiconductor material increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working range of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and commonplace thermistors have an working vary as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire method with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to alter with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature vary. The corresponding temperature may be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are often manufactured from pure metals, particularly platinum, which has very good stability and linearity over a large temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are quick enough that resistance does not have an result on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to carry the excitation present, thus providing a approach to eliminate line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is probably the most accurate configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher worth
Long-term stabilityHigher requirements for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are usually integrated into integrated circuits (ICs). Two identical diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature adjustments. IC sensors have a linear response, but they have the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a outcome of ICs have the slowest response over a slender temperature range (- -70 °C to a hundred and fifty °C).
There are two kinds of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a tool that mechanically adjusts the temperature, usually based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the surroundings. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling gear to maintain up the desired temperature.
There are many forms of thermostats obtainable, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and smart thermostats to fulfill the wants of different customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical gadget for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the reality that two different metals have completely different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature adjustments, the 2 metals within the bimetal broaden or contract at totally different rates. Since the two metals are tightly certain collectively, this distinction causes the complete bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is usually made into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature modifications, the degree of bimetal bending changes, and this modification may be learn instantly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the target floor. They rely on the thermal energy radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the most common type being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to discover out its temperature. They are perfect for use when an object is moving or the temperature is merely too high or too low, as they do not want to return into contact with the item itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the surface of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in all kinds of industrial and scientific functions, together with temperature management of electronic units, monitoring of chemical reactions, food high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of business instruments
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have totally different measuring ranges. First decide the temperature range that needs to be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this range.
Accuracy: Accuracy is another necessary selection factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor sorts have completely different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have higher accuracies, while thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working environment, such as humidity, corrosive substances, high stress and other environmental circumstances.
Application: Application eventualities require a fast response to temperature changes, so you will need to choose a sensor with a quick response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are supplied with 316 chrome steel rods and inner wiring coated with powdered ceramic. เกจวัดแรงดัน can be found in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are perfect for liquid functions.
How to hold up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze knowledge
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of is decided by your utility and trade, if you have any questions on temperature sensors or want temperature transmitter, be at liberty to contact Apure skilled and technical group to provide a solution. We also offer devices for water quality analysis, move meters, level measurement, pressure measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters
Radius Global Co., Ltd.
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